Secondary Source

Access Excellence, launched in 1993, is a national educational program that provides health, biology and life science teachers access to their colleagues, scientists, and critical sources of new scientific information via the World Wide Web. The program was originally developed and launched by Genentech Inc., and in 1999 joined the National Health Museum, a non-profit organization founded by former U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop as a national center for health education. Access Excellence will form the core of the educational component of the National Health Museum Website that is currently under development.

Technology and Culture is the preeminent journal for the history of technology. Drawing on scholarship in diverse disciplines, Technology and Culture publishes insightful pieces intended for general readers as well as specialists. Readers include engineers, anthropologists, sociologists, museum curators, archivists, historians, and others. In addition to scholarly essays, each issue features 30- 40 book reviews and reviews of new museum exhibitions.

This leading international journal publishes scholarly papers and review articles on all aspects of the history of science. History of science is interpreted widely to include medicine, technology and social studies of science. Recent special issues include history of science sources available on the World Wide Web, book history and the sciences. BJHS papers make important and lively contributions to scholarship and the journal has been an essential library resource for more than thirty years. It is also used extensively by historians and scholars in related fields.

The origins of this issue of Tekhnema go back a couple of years when it was deemed important by members, contributors and readers of the journal to elaborate a multidisciplinary space in which philosophy, the thinking of technics and technology, the physical and life sciences, and the humanities could exchange ideas and positions on the question of energy. An issue of Tekhnema to that end was thought appropriate.

With its numerous cultivated varieties, the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) constitutes one of the world's most popular and recognizable fruit crops. Sweet oranges are citrus fruits (Citrus spp.), which are regarded as high sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and other fruit acids. These fruits are hesperidiums, because of their fleshiness and separable rind. Physically, citrus fruits consist of forty to fifty percent juice, twenty to forty percent rind and twenty to thirty-five percent pulp and seeds. Chemically, they contain eighty-six to ninety-two percent water, five to eight percent sugars and one to two percent pectin with lesser amounts of acids, protein, essential oils and minerals (Janick et. al. 1981). Citrus fruits grow on small evergreen trees, many of which depend on root mycorrhizae (Janick et. al. 1981). Most of these C3 plants are cultivated as scions on rootstocks. All Citrus species have a diploid chromosome number of eighteen and are interfertile.

Apart from the Vikings, who without doubt navigated and kept track of time by means of the stars, the first important Danish astronomer was Peder Nightingale. In 1274 he observed the sunlatitude from Roskilde where he was a canon, and based on these observations he made tables showing the length of day and nights. Later he published a widespread calender in Paris. There is some indication in the sources, that he didn't believe in the relation between astrology and astronomy which was the common belief at that time.
In 1417 were "Speculum Planetarum" published by Johannes Simones de Selandia a book about the movements of the planets, very little is known of Johannes.

This "experimental history project" so to speak, is part of a program supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to explore the possibilities of using the internet to increase the collection of archival material in the history of recent science to supplement and complement expensive and time consuming oral history interviews and preparation of autobiographical memoirs. This site includes three projects devoted to topics in microbiology being developed and maintained through a grant to the American Society for Microbiology. Parallel projects are being developed by the Society for Neuroscience and the American Society for Virology.

This Web site will explore the historical developments that led to the determination of the structure and biological functions of viruses and their macromolecular components. We are attempting to investigate the history of how knowledge of the structure of viruses at atomic resolution has impinged on the more biological studies of viruses. We expect to obtain contributions to this history from two overlapping groups of scientists; those who were responsible for determining the structures and those whose work was directly influenced by that information.

Incoherent scatter studies have been conducted at Millstone Hill since 1960. J. J. Thomson had shown in 1906 that electrons are capable of scattering electromagnetic waves of any frequency, but because of the very small cross section for this kind of scattering it was long thought that incoherent or Thomson scatter from ionospheric electrons was not detectable. However, in 1958 W. E. Gordon demonstrated that with a sufficiently large antenna and high-powered radar system this scattering should be detectable

Although the `Great Debate' is important to different people for different reasons, it is a clear example of humanity once again striving to find its place within the cosmic order. In the debate, Shapley and Curtis truly argued over the ``Scale of the Universe," as the debate's title suggests. Curtis argued that the Universe is composed of many galaxies like our own, which had been identified by astronomers of his time as ``spiral nebulae". Shapley argued that these ``spiral nebulae" were just nearby gas clouds, and that the Universe was composed of only one big Galaxy. In Shapley's model, our Sun was far from the center of this Great Universe/Galaxy. In contrast, Curtis placed our Sun near the center of our relatively small Galaxy. Although the fine points of the debate were more numerous and more complicated, each scientist disagreed with the other on these crucial points.