University

Usenet, an Internet discussion board pioneer, marks its 25th anniversary in 2004. Users from around the world have gathered at Usenet's virtual roundtables to discuss topics ranging from aeronautics to zoology, in the process creating vibrant global communities surrounding thousands of subjects and fields. To honor Usenet's place in the Internet revolution, Echo has created this site to gather important recollections of Usenet history. You can join in by adding your memories through our online survey, and you can read about other Usenet participants' experiences on our public board

The Claude Shannon project seeks to preserve the memory of the man whose mathematical theories lay the groundwork for the digital communication technology underlying the Internet. Shannon’s ideas, initially applied to telephone switching systems and early computing, proved tremendously useful in other scientific fields including genetics, encryption, and quantum physics. Shannon, dubbed the father of modern information theory, also applied his theoretical work to one of his favorite hobbies, juggling. His famous juggling machines illustrated his creativity, inveterate tinkering and great powers of invention. If Shannon or his work has influenced you either professionally or personally, please contribute your experiences and recollections to Echo’s permanent digital archive.

The September 11 Digital Archive uses electronic media to collect, preserve, and present the history of the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania and the public responses to them. Funded by a major grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and organized by the American Social History Project at the City University of New York Graduate Center and the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, the Digital Archive will contribute to the on-going effort by historians and archivists to record and preserve the record of 9/11 by: collecting first-hand accounts of the 9/11 attacks and the aftermath (especially voices currently under-represented on the web), collecting and archiving emails and digital images growing out of these events, organizing and annotating the most important web-based resources on the subject, and developing materials to contextualize and teach about the events. The Digital Archive will also use these events as a way of assessing how history is being recorded and preserved in the twenty-first century and as an opportunity to develop free software tools to help historians to do a better job of collecting, preserving, and writing history in the new century. Our goal is to create a permanent record of the events of September 11, 2001. In the process, we hope to foster some positive legacies of those terrible events by allowing people to tell their stories, making those stories available to a wide audience, providing historical context for understanding those events and their consequences, and helping historians and archivists improve their practices based on the lessons we learn from this project. The September 11 Digital Archive project formally ended in June, 2004, and although we continue to collect accounts submitted through the website, we are no longer updating the website.

Over the past forty years the world of finance has changed dramatically, and one way to trace this evolution is through the technology that mediates the interaction between man and his money. The advent of Instinet, the creation of Nasdaq, and the popularity of SOES, E*Trade, and Real Tick mark distinct and important periods in the history of stock market culture.

The present-day evolutionary descendent of these technological developments is day trading – a phenomenon that has brought instant fortune and instant ruin to many by allowing individuals to control their own finances online in real time. Echo seeks to collect and permanently preserve narratives about day trading for the historical record. Please share your experiences of this important social, economic and technological movement.

Ancient Medicine/Medicina Antiqua
http://www.ea.pvt.k12.pa.us/medant/
Ancient Medicine/Medicina Antiqua is a publication devoted to Ancient Greek & Roman medicine and medical thought from Mycenaean times until the fall of the Roman Empire.

Archaic Medical Terms
http://www.gpiag-asthma.org/drpsmith/amt1.htm
"This list covers archaic medical terms and some modern terms that have become everyday language, but have a different meaning or slant when used by doctors or had a different meaning in the past... Generally, the definitions given apply to UK usage and UK spelling (I am a doctor in the UK). If more than one definition is given, they are in order from most likely to least likely."

A Brief History of Algebra and Computing: An Eclectic Oxonian View
http://vmoc.museophile.com/algebra/
A detailed history of algebra and computing that provides many hypertext links to the people and places that were important in its development. The author also includes many good resources to related sites and a list of print references with links where available.

A Chronology of Digital Computing Machines (to 1952)
http://www.davros.org/misc/chronology.html
"The computer, as we now understand the word, was very much an evolutionary development rather than a simple invention. This article traces the sequence of the most important steps in that development, and in the earlier development of digital calculators without programability." The author also includes a bibliography of books he used in doing his research.

4,000 years of women in science! Did you know that? Women are, and always have been, scientists. This site lists over 125 names from our scientific and technical past. They are all women! This site grew out of the public talks given by Dr. Sethanne Howard, currently with the National Science Foundation. As we learn more, we add it to this page. We hope you will share what you know with us. This includes inventors, scholars and writers as well as mathematicians and astronomers. We hope you enjoy learning about some of these women.

"Experimentalization of life" designates a process that began in Europe around 1800 to reconfigure science, art, and technology. After experimental physiology had established itself as one of the paradigmatic disciplines of the 19th century, psychology and linguistics also became laboratory-based enterprises.

Experimental cultures emerged thereafter in a variety of places, as for example in literary movements relying on automatism, aleatorics, and combination. New media such as photography and film transformed the fine arts and the sciences. Cities became vast fields of experience in which people undertook all sorts of experiments in living.

The project investigates the experimentalization of life with a focus on the material culture of instruments, buildings and supply technologies. In a "Virtual Laboratory", relevant source materials as well as results of ongoing research work are made accessible online.

This is a pilot site for the electronic edition of the correspondence of Linnaeus now being prepared under the aegis of the Swedish Linnaean Society, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Uppsala University and its library, and the Linnean Society of London, in collaboration with the Centre international d’étude du XVIIIe siècle of Ferney-Voltaire. The project is financed by the research foundation of the Swedish National Bank.

Five elements are currently provided:

1. The texts of the letters
2. Summaries, critical apparatus and annotation
3. A list of the letters available and/or cited in the notes
4. A biographical glossary
5. A bibliography of works cited

Largest web collection of digital facsimiles of original documents by Turing and other pioneers of computing. Plus articles about Turing and his work, including Artificial Intelligence.

The documents that form the historical record of the development of computing are scattered throughout various archives, libraries and museums around the world. Until now, to study these documents required a knowledge of where to look, and a fistful of air tickets. This Virtual Archive contains digital facsimiles of the documents. The Archive places the history of computing, as told by the original documents, onto your own computer screen.

This site also contains a section on codebreaking and a series of reference articles concerning Turing and his work.