In Colonial times, soap was made primarily from pork fat and a crude form of lye. The lye was tested for suitability by dropping an egg into it. If the egg floated, the lye was too strong. If it sank, the lye was too weak. It had to suspend or sink very slowly to be right. This doesn't quite compare to the computer generated formulas of today. However, it was the pork fat base (not the lye) that made this soap good for washing clothes, but often harsh to the skin
William L. McKnight, who served as 3M chairman of the board from 1949 to 1966, encouraged 3M management to "delegate responsibility and encourage men and women to exercise their initiative."
His management theories are the guiding principles for 3M. Our heritage dates back nearly 100 years, and McKnight's principles will continue to accompany us in the 21st century.
From ancient times through the Middle Ages, and into the 13th century, man or animal power was the driving force behind hoisting devices.
By 1850 steam and hydraulic elevators had been introduced, but it was in 1852 that the landmark event in elevator history occurred: the invention of the world's first safety elevator by Elisha Graves Otis.
The first passenger elevator was installed by Otis in New York in 1857. After Otis' death in 1861, his sons, Charles and Norton, built on his heritage, creating Otis Brothers & Co. in 1867.
In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet." The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
Chocolate, as a Drink, was a favorite of Montezuma, Emperor of the Aztecs. Hernando Cortez, the Spanish conquistador, brought the drink back to Spain in 1529. It remained a favorite of the Spanish royalty for many years before becoming consumed widely throughout Europe. Three centuries later in England chocolate was first used as a non-liquid confection.
History of Concrete
Timeline
Ancient Egypt
Egyptians used calcinated gypsum to give brick or stone structures a smooth coating.
Ancient Greece
A similar application of calcinated limestone was used by the ancient Greeks.
Ancient Rome
The Romans frequently used broken brick aggregate embedded in a mixture of lime putty with brick dust or volcanic ash. They built a wide variety of structures that incorporated stone and concrete, including roads, aquaducts, temples and palaces.
Why flight?
Since the beginning of time, man has wanted to float through the sky like a bird. From fashioning huge feathered wings to creating complex machines, many people have tried to take to the skies unsuccessfully throughout history. However, it was the Montgolfier brothers of France that discovered the secret.
The carousel originated in Europe, but reached its greatest fame in America in the 1900's. The first carousels featured gondolas, carts, menagerie animals, and horses. The French developed many variations of the carousel. In one variation, the riders tried to spear gold rings with lances while the carousel rotated at full speed. This undoubtedly led to the phrase, "catching the brass ring" on later carousels.
8080, Octal, and Computing - history of the 8080.
Calculating Machines - history, classification and pictures of mechanical calculating machines.
Chronology of Digital Computing Machines
Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers - Timelime of trivial and significant events in making personal computer hardware and software what it is today.
Classic Technology of the Eighties
Computer History Association of California (CHAC) - studying, preserving, protecting and popularizing the history of electronic computing, while gathering the forces to build a museum.
Computer History Institute for the Preservation of Software (CHIPS)
Computer History and Folklore - Collection of documents and links relating to computer history and folklore
Computer Lore Gopher
Computer Preservation Society (Inc) of New Zealand - A New Zealand group dedicated to preserving Historic computer hardware and Software.
Digital Moments - Digital Moments: photographic history of moments in the computer industry.
Ferranti MarkI Prototype - A collection of photographs of work in progress in 1949 on the prototype of the Ferranti MarkI digital computer at Manchester University, England.
The dictionary defines an adhesive as "a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment." This is a simple definition for a material that is the basis for a multi-billion dollar industry with more that 750 companies competing for a share of the market. It is estimated that 50 of those companies are responsible for 50% of the sales dollars in the adhesive industry
