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Hindu cosmological time cycles, as well as common units of measuring time and angles, are generated from the concept that the Sun has three distinct mean motions which work together like the hour, minute and second hands of a clock. The exact sidereal solar year of 365.2563795 mean solar days, constant of precession of 50".4 and week of precessional years of 180,000 sidereal solar years used in the construction of the cycles may be inferred from their infrastructure. With the astronomical quantities known, the kaliyuga epoch of February 18, 3102 B.C. of the Julian calendar establishes the summer solstice as the initial tropical point of the cycles, 147108 B.C. as the beginning of the current week of precessional years and closely approximates the fixed initial point of the sidereal sphere given in the SuryaSiddhanta commentary.

The paper deals with some of the scientific research of Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882), specifically his monumental 1859 publication entitled On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. This paper also points out the "human" side of this most noted of human beings and Darwin's ideas are presented in the context of his times. Today, Darwin's theory of "natural selection" is hopefully well known but how did the culture of his times influence his ideas and the development and acceptance of his theory? What happened before Darwin published Origin and what came after his numerous other publications? Charles Darwin was an extremely important individual for a variety of reasons: the data he collected, the experiments he conducted, and the theories he proposed influenced a variety of disciplines, from anthropology to zoology as well as ecology, geology, and the general social sciences. His influence continues to be condemned, supported, and debated after almost 150 years. [168 words]

Study of Physics and Chemistry; Theories about Heat and Elementary Particles; Wave Nature of Sound and Light; Types of Motion; Physical Phenomenon such as Elasticity, Viscosity, Surface Tension, Magnetism etc; Comparisons with European Science after the 13th C:

Namaste! (I welcome you with my head bowed down in respect)
This site is dedicated to our ancestors in India that is Bharat. We are thankful to them as they told us-
Aatmanh Praticoolani Paresham na samacharet |
Meaning: "Do not do any thing to others which you do not want to be done with yourself." So if you want to be forgiven, forgive others. If you want to be cared, care others. If you do not want to be harmed, do not harm others........

Welcome to the most comprehensive website for the history of phrenology—the most popular Victorian science. This site provides an accurate overview of phrenology, the largest collection of phrenological images, and many digitized primary sources relevant not only to the history of phrenology, but also to the history of naturalism and evolutionary thought.

The Era of Biological Energy Sources: 9000 BC to AD 600
Between 9000 BC and 6000: Plants and animals are domesticated.
6000 BC: Copper artifacts are common in the Middle East.
4000 BC: Light wooden plows are used in Mesopotamia.
3500 BC: Kiln-fired bricks and pots are made in Mesopotamia.
3500 BC: Irrigation is developed in Mesopotamia.

Euclid (Alexandria) In his Optica he noted that light travels in straight lines and described the law of reflection. He believed that vision involves rays going from the eyes to the object seen and he studied the relationship between the apparent sizes of objects and the angles that they subtend at the eye

Elisha Gray (b. Aug. 2, 1835, Barnesville, Ohio, U.S. d. Jan. 21, 1901, Newtonville, Mass.), U.S. inventor and contestant with Alexander Graham Bell in a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone.

These links contain the exhibits pages with information on various patents, caveats, and telegraph development. Rules for the simulation can be found in Exhibit 4.

Welcome to the Telephone Tribute Website!  You'll find all sorts of telephone related web pages here on the history of the telephone, technical information, research resources, human interest stories, clubs, pictures, sound files, links, etc.  If this is your first time here, you might try starting out your navigation of my web site by first looking at my Table of Contents or using the search engine to your right.