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1729: Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), extending Johann Bernoulli's work on Descartes' vortex cosmology, models air with tightly-spaced, spinning spheres. He formulate an equation of state relating humidity, pressure, density and velocity, finding the Townley-Power-Boyle law as an approximation. He calculates air molecules to be about 477 m/s at mean conditions, and that this is about the speed of sound.

The purpose of these pages is to provide an overview of the history of men in nursing with an emphasis on men in the Americas. The word "nurse" was not used until the thirteenth century. It originated from the Latin term to nurture. Translations of non-English works prior to the early 1900's typically used the term "nurse" when referring to male health care providers. More recent translations use the term "attendant," because it was thought that only females could be "nurses." These pages will use the term "nurse".

Note - available only on PDF.

This web page will present the men and women who more than one century ago, in France, established the practice of modern Neonatology. Interestingly, books about diseases of the newborn preceded books of Pediatrics. The documents we present are original, using for the most part archives and rare articles. Some documents have been translated from the French. This history page covers the 1840 to 1910 period, a key period in the development of industrial nations.

This book presents the complete range of nursing art and photo illustration, from 1893 to 2002, via the picture postcard. The images are extremely rare and beautiful and include everything: all the major art styles, actresses, royalty, cartoons, children's illustrators, propaganda, birth announcements, archetypes, nursing specialties, unusual Americana, III Reich, etc. No other book has depicted 20th century nursing with such scope and diversity.

Over the past few years, this column has reviewed some noteworthy contemporary historical ophthalmic books. Publishing these books does not yield great financial reward since the market for them is limited. The publishers who take on these tasks do so primarily as a labor of love.
One of these publishers is Jean Paul Wayenborgh, whose publications are extremely well-done and whose love for ophthalmic history is evident in his personal life story.
Born in France and raised in Belgium, he learned the antiquarian book business in Germany as a teen-ager. Early on, he discovered his love for ophthalmic books and in 1961 he started his own antique business. He has never looked back.

The following bibliography represents the results of an extensive library
search undertaken in 1987-1988 as part of my research on the history of
disabilities and special education.

"A mysterious epidemic, hitherto unknown, which had struck terror into all hearts by the rapidity of its spread, the ravages it made, and the apparent helplessness of the physicians to cure it." A quote about AIDS? No. It's about the appearance of syphilis in the early sixteenth century. Writer Colman Jones finds the two diseases share issues, from science and public health to civil liberties and sexuality.

MendelWeb is an educational resource for teachers and students interested in the origins of classical genetics, introductory data analysis, elementary plant science, and the history and literature of science. Constructed around Gregor Mendel's 1865 paper "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden" and a revised version of the English translation by C.T. Druery and William Bateson, "Experiments in Plant Hybridization", MendelWeb is offered as a public sourcebook and collaborative environment compatible with a variety of guided and independent studies. For some background and an early description of the project, you may want to read MendelWeb: An electronic science/math/history resource for the WWW, a short paper prepared for the 2nd International World Wide Web Conference.

Over 90 megabytes online of information on alchemy in all its facets. Divided into over 1300 sections and providing tens of thousands of pages of text, over 2000 images, over 200 complete alchemical texts, extensive bibliographical material on the printed books and manuscripts, numerous articles, introductory and general reference material on alchemy.