Ancient (BCE-40 CE)

Melissos of Samos, son of Ithagenes, was a contemporary of Zeno, though he may have been slightly younger. Parmenides is said to have been his teacher, and it is possible that he may have made the acquaintance of Herakleitos. According to Diogenes, he was a respected statesman, and there seems to be good evidence (Plutarch, Perikles 26, after Aristotle) that he commanded the Samian fleet at its victory over the Athenians, 440 B.C. He wrote a book which later writers refer to under various titles.

Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchos, a native of Samos, left his fatherland to escape the tyranny of Polykrates (533/2 or 529/8 B.C.). He made his home for many years in Kroton in southern Italy, where his political views gained control in the city. At length he and his followers were banished by an opposing party, and he died at Metapontum.

Xenophanes of Kolopbon, son of Dexias (Apollodoros says of Orthomenes), was the founder of the Eleatic School. After a careful review of the evidence, Zeller (Yorsokr. Phil. pp. 521-522) concludes that be was born about 580 B.C. ; it is agreed by all writers that he lived to a great age.

Anaximandros of Miletos was a companion or pupil of Thales. According to Apollodoros he was born in the second or third year of the forty-second Olympiad (611-610B.C.). Of his life little is known; Zeller infers from the statement of Aelian (V.H. iii. 17) to the effect that he led the Milesian colony into Apollonia, that he was a man of influence in Miletos. He was a student of geography and astronomy; and various inventions, such as the sundial, are attributed to him. His book, which was referred to as the first philosophical treatise in Greece, may not have received the title "GREEK" until after his death. It soon became rare, and Simplicius does not seem to have had access to it.

Parmenides, the son of Pyres (or Pyrrhes), of Elea, was born about 515 B.C.; his family was of noble rank and rich, but Parmenides devoted himself to philosophy. He was associated with members of the Pythagorean society, and is himself called a Pythagorean by later writers. In the formation of his philosophic system however he was most influenced by his aged fellow-townsman, Xenophanes; the doctrines of Xenophanes he developed into a system which was embodied in a poetic work "On Nature." The statement that he made laws for the citizens may have reference to some connection with the Pythagorean society.

Brush, Stephen G. The history of modern science: a guide to the second scientific revolution, 1800-1950 Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988.

The Chûgoku Igaku Koten [Chinese Medical Classics] Text Series was published by the Nihon Naikyô Igakkai °Ë饻°Ëº¸gÂå¾Ç·| in 1997. It contains seven texts

This site is dedicated to editions of Old English texts that include the graphotactics of original manuscripts, and to studies of those texts. Graphotactics concerns the incidence and measure of spacings between strings of written symbols of a text, where both the graphic symbols and the spacings carry linguistic information

The Buffalo Museum of Science, through collections, research, education and interpretation, provides opportunities for all people to develop a scientific understanding of the natural and cultural world with an emphasis on the Greater Niagara Region. The Museum challenges everyone to use their knowledge of science to enhance respect for each other and the environmen

From Stargazers to Starships ( Stargazers )
A collection of about sixty linked files, forming a self-contained course at the high school level on (1) elementary astronomy (pre-telescope), (2) Newtonian mechanics (3) Spaceflight and spacecraft. The material is presented in a historical framework with many side excursions and incidental connections, with many outside links. Also contains a 9-section "Math refresher", a section for the guidance of teachers, a template of a sundial with explanations, glossary and timeline.
It is an attempt to create a high-school curriculum which makes as much use of space and spaceflight as possible.