Middle Ages (5th-15th Century)

Dioscorides was a Greek physician who lived in the first century of the Christian era. He became a military surgeon under the Roman Emperor Nero and was a contemporary of Pliny. He wrote De Materia Medica (about 77 A.D.) which gave medicinal properties and some botanical information for about 600 plants. This book was not scientific as were those of Theophrastus. However, for about 1500 years, it was the supreme authority due to the practical nature of its contents, and it has been called the "most successful botanical textbook ever written." Dioscorides was believed to have had his medical training in Alexandria. He traveled widely and made observations on plants from the standpoint of their medical uses.

Welcome to the NASA - Marshall Space Flight Center History Office. This website is a gateway to the historical archives of Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Discover how MSFC was established, browse through historical articles about various space developments, and MSFC's contributions to the American Space Program.
ttle development

The calendar of Julius Caesar was a durable attempt to make the average length of the calendar year match the length of the tropical year. Its simplicity - add an extra day to February every four years - was its greatest virtue. By a stroke of luck, the monk Dionysius Exiguus calculated the year of the Nativity in such a way that leap-years Anno Domini are those which are divisible exactly by four, which is an easy rule to remember.

Time Exhibits: Other interesting exhibits on time.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) has evoked two fundamentally different responses: one sees him as central to early modern science, another dismisses him as an eccentric with no influence. Both views were found while he was still alive. For instance, Pacioli (1509) praised him as being among the most perspicacious of architects and engineers, an assiduous inventor of new things, famous for sculpture and painting, for his construction of the horse, the Last Supper and for his writings: that he was working on "an inestimable work on local motion, percussion, weights and all the forces, that is, accidental weights, having already with great diligence finished a worthy book on painting and human movements."1 Aspects of this view were kept alive by Venturi (1797)2, Solmi (1905)3, Uccelli (1940)4, Reti (1974)5 and Keele.6 On the other hand, Castiglione (1528)7 criticized him indirectly for frittering away his time on useless mathematical speculation. Serlio (1545) made a different claim: that Leonardo was too much of a perfectionist and that this kept him from publishing.8

The first version of this survey was published in the February 1994 issue of the New England Classical Journal. [NECJ XXI.3 (1993-94) 117-21]. One year later the number of new web sites and resources had grown so much that a revision of the list was necessary. The second survey was published in the February 1995 issue of the same journal (NECJ XXII.3 (February 1995). Soon afterwards an electronic version of the list was made available via the UPenn server--thanks to Professor James O' Donnell. In the summer of 1995 the survey was converted to HTML format with links to the various resources and made available via the Classics WWW server at the University of New Hampshire. In 1996 "Electronic Resources for Classicicts" and its author moved to the University of California, Irvine, to a server maintained by the TLG Project.

For over two hundred years since its foundation a variety of astronomical, geodesic and meteorological instruments have been bought on behalf of the National Astronomical Observatory of Spain -formerly known as the Madrid Astronomical Observatory. A sample of those instruments constitute this virtual museum.

The Library is one of six legal deposit libraries in the UK and Ireland. The Library's collections are housed in the University Library and its four Dependent Libraries and contains over 7 million volumes in total.

This is one of a set of subject pages in the Scholarly Societies Project, which facilitates access to websites of scholarly societies across the world. A set of guidelines is used in determining whether to include resources.

This service is an archival "meta index," or index of archival indexes. That is, from here we refer you to the major indexes, lists, and databases of archival resources. From them you can link to almost every archives and archival resource in the metaverse.