Middle Ages (5th-15th Century)

The International Society for History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB) brings together scholars from diverse disciplines, including the life sciences as well as history, philosophy, and social studies of science. ISHPSSB summer meetings are known for innovative, transdisciplinary sessions, and for fostering informal, co-operative exchanges and on-going collaborations

Approximately 49,000 volumes on the history of medicine, science and other health-related disciplines. Materials dating from 1700 B.C. to A.D. 1800 number approximately 32,000 volumes.

The Museum's collections include millions of specimens, and their size and quality place the Museum among the best in the world. The collections provide the basis for the research carried out in the scientific departments, and, through loans and visits by guest researchers, are constantly used by scientists and institutions throughout the world. It is a crucial role of the Museum to keep these collections available for international research, and to preserve them for future generations. Parts of the collections, presented on the Museum's web pages, are also registered in searchable databases.

The history of women, science, and technology: a bibliograpahic guide to the professions and the disciplines.

~440 BC: Democritus proposed the concept of atom to describe the ultimate indivisible, indestructible particles that composed the substance of all things. Lucretius (95-55 BC) wrote De rerum natura inspired in the ideas of Democritus and Epicurus.

Imago Mundi is the only English-language scholarly periodical devoted exclusively to the history of maps, mapping and map-related ideas. It deals with all facets of the history and interpretation of maps and mapmaking in any part of the world, at any period. All articles are refereed and represent original research. Only a selection of submitted texts are published, often after extensive revision. Some 70% of the articles and book reviews are by scholars living outside the UK; almost a third of them come from beyond the English-speaking world. The journal is now multi-disciplinary and over the last few years Imago Mundi has carried the insights of geographers, historians, art historians, historians of science, social scientists, and literary scholars.

William of Ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a controversial theologian.

Uppsala University was founded in 1477 and is the oldest of the scandinavian universities. Preserved lecture notes from the 1480's show that lectures in astronomy were given at the philosophical faculty. There is no certain evidence of a professorship in astronomy until 1593 when the university was reerected after a period of decline following the Lutheran reformation.

Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts.

Astronomiae Historia contains currently more than 400 files (Web pages), which would give several thousand pages on paper when printed out. A list of nearly all files is given in the Site map. There are documents with own information, many link pages, and some Tables of Contents. To distinguish between internal and external documents, please note the URL (address) of the document as shown by your browser: All internal documents contain the string /~pbrosche/ in the URL.