The dictionary defines an adhesive as "a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment." This is a simple definition for a material that is the basis for a multi-billion dollar industry with more that 750 companies competing for a share of the market. It is estimated that 50 of those companies are responsible for 50% of the sales dollars in the adhesive industry
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the primary technique throughout the body in the routine diagnosis of many disease processes, replacing and sometimes surpassing computed tomography (CT). MRI has particular advantages in that it is non-invasive, using non-ionising radiation, and has a high soft-tissue resolution and discrimination in any imaging plane. It may also provide both morphological and functional information. The resultant MR image is based on multiple tissue parameters any of which can modify tissue contrast. In its development, MRI has incorporated a multidisciplinary team of radiologists, technicians, clinicians and scientists who have made, and are continuing to make, combined efforts in further extending the clinical usefulness and effectiveness of this technique.
The first successful nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment was made in 1946 independently by two scientists in the United States.
The John Ray Initiative (JRI) is an educational charity that works to develop and communicate a Christian understanding of the environment. See our reports, briefings, resources and diary.
Muslim physicians were responsible for many notable developments in the field of medicine. While European "hospitals" at this time were usually simply monasteries where the sick were told they would live or die according to God's will, not human intervention, Muslim hospitals pioneered the practices of diagnosis, cure, and future prevention. The first hospital in the Islamic world was built in Damascus in 707, and soon most major Islamic cities had hospitals, in which hygiene was emphasised and healing was a priority. Hospitals were open 24 hours a day, and many doctors did not charge for their services. The medical school at the University of Jundishapur, once the capital of Sassanid Persia, became the largest in the Islamic world by the 9th century. Its location in Central Asia allowed it to incorporate medical practices from Greece, China, and India, as well as developing new techniques and theories.
Genetics is the science of biological heredity and variation.
The biological fact that offspring generally resemble their parents has been observed since the dawn of human history. We all know that children usually resemble their parents because they inherit their parents’ genes. In this section, we will discuss some of the early theories to explain this phenomenon in order to provide a historical context for our current understanding of how traits are transferred from one generation to the next.
Copper was the first metal used by man in any quantity. The earliest workers in copper soon found that it could be easily hammered into sheets and the sheets in turn worked into shapes which became more complex as their skill increased. After the introduction of bronze, a wide range of castings also became possible. Many of the illustrations on this site serve to show man's progress as a metal-worker, culminating in the priceless inheritance of the Renaissance craftsmen. But copper and its principal alloys, bronze and brass, have always been more than a means of decorative embellishment. Although iron became the basic metal of every Western civilization from Rome onwards it was the copper metals which were used when a combination of strength and durability was required. The ability to resist corrosion ensured that copper, bronze and brass remained as functional as well as decorative materials during the Middle Ages and the successive centuries through the Industrial Revolution and on to the present day.
They were the master farmers of America's Southwest, and engineers of great networks of irrigation canals in the Salt River Valley. They first appeared about 350 B.C., building canals of open ditches, gouged out with stone tools and wooden hoes. The canals spanned almost 250 miles, stimulating trade and commerce between communities of hundreds and thousands of people. No one knows why, whether by climatic upheaval, drought or floods, the Hohokams suddenly vanished in 1450 A.D., well before Columbus discovered America or the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703), a mechanic, is believed to give 'cells' their name when he examined a thin slice of cork under microscope, he thought cells looked like the small, rectangular rooms monks lived.
1651 William Harvey suggests that all living things originate from eggs
1694 JR Camerarius does pollination experiments and discovers sex in flowering plants
Process Metallurgy is one of the oldest sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BC. Admittedly, its form at that time was rudimentary, but, to gain a perspective in Process Metallurgy, it is worthwhile to spend a little time studying the initiation of mankind's association with metals. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first metals - gold and copper until the end of the 17th century, some 7700 years, only 12 metals were known. Four of these metals, arsenic, antimony , zinc and bismuth , were discovered in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, while platinum was discovered in the 16th century. The other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilisation was based
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