Until recently modern thinkers believed rubber originated in 19th century Europe. According to a Tech Talk article published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Wednesday, July 14, 1999, Professor Dorothy Hosler, Assistant Professor Sandra Burkett and an undergraduate named Michael Tarkanian learned that the Mayan people in ancient Mesoamerica made and used rubber as long ago as 1600 BCE.
Many people view genetic engineering as a relatively new field of scientific pursuit, but in fact the techniques that are in use today are the result of a series of landmark discoveries that were made over a period spanning more than 125 years. This article presents a timeline of key discoveries that have culminated in the human genome project, an international effort to decipher the sequence of the 3 billion base pair subunits of DNA which reside in the chromosomes of human beings.
Hundreds of researchers have made significant contributions to cognitive science. What follows is a set of short academic biographies of people whom we believe should be counted on anyone's list of important contributors; the work of many of them is discussed in the Companion. Not every important figure is included; and some people are included, especially from the history of cognitive science, who would not describe, or could not have described, themselves as cognitive scientists despite their considerable impact on the field. We trust that the list will be useful to students doing research in cognitive science and to readers who wish to familiarize themselves with the work of specific contributors.
For over two thousand years people have thought about the fundamental particles from which all matter is made, starting with the gradual development of atomic theory, followed by a deeper understanding of the quantized atom, leading to the recent theory of the Standard Model.
We invite you to explore this history of particle physics with a focus on the scientists and thinkers who helped shape the field of particle physics. The four sections are arranged chronologically.
Report by potters of the Koomas caste that the surgeon Susrata grafted new noses created from skin flaps. 1 pg.21 (try to locate an Indian Image instead) India 1
15 AD Report of Saint Peter replacing the young Agatha's breasts, which were cut off as punishment by Roman guards. 1
Diseases of the uro-genital tract are as old as the human species itself. Archaeological findings, as well as the very first writings, indicate that our ancestors were plagued by the same kind of discomforts routinely encountered in modern urological practice. For example, in a 5,000-year-old mummy of a child, a huge bladder stone was found. Circumcision and removal of the penile foreskin was probably the first operation ever performed on a routine basis. The importance of urinary stone disease and the dangers of treating bladder stones were already fully recognised by Hippocrates, `The Father of Medicine`. Hippocrates recognised the importance of the analysis and judgment of human excreta. This started a tradition of many ages of urine-analysis by inspection (uroscopy) and tasting.
The following timeline provides a look at important occurrences in the development of the field of artificial intelligence. Those items in bold print are what we considered the most significant events in the development of AI. To investigate a topic further, follow the links provided, or check out some of the other sites provided at the bottom of the page.
This timeline provides a look at important occurrences in the development of the field of artificial intelligence. Items in bold print are what we considered the most significant events in the development of AI. Links within the chronology provide additional information about key individuals in the development of A.I. including Charles Babbage and Ada Byron, John McArthey and Von Neumann. Additional pages describe ethical issues, similarities to the human brain, and the future. Historians of the cultural impact of science may find the page "Artificial Intelligence in Pop Culture" to be interesting.
This is not designed to be a course on the history of photography such as a resource to dip into. In addition to pen-portraits of many of the most important photographers of the period, it contains information on some of the most significant processes used during the early days of photography.
In Colonial times, soap was made primarily from pork fat and a crude form of lye. The lye was tested for suitability by dropping an egg into it. If the egg floated, the lye was too strong. If it sank, the lye was too weak. It had to suspend or sink very slowly to be right. This doesn't quite compare to the computer generated formulas of today. However, it was the pork fat base (not the lye) that made this soap good for washing clothes, but often harsh to the skin
Orthopaedics, like many specialties, has developed through a necessity. A necessity to correct deformity, restore function and alleviate pain. Orthopaedic surgeons have developed an ability to prevent major losses of bodily function and indeed they can prevent otherwise inevitable death. They seek perfection of their art, by ensuring that the patient reaches optimal condition in the shortest period of time by the safest possible method.
