Mathematics

Brahmagupta (598-670) writes Khandakhadyaka which solves quadratic equations and allows for the possibility of negative solutions.
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1136 Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi writes the work Hibbur ha-Meshihah ve-ha-Tishboret, translated in 1145 into Latin as Liber embadorum, which presents the first complete solution to the quadratic equation.
1484 Nicolas Chuquet (1445-1500) writes Triparty en la sciences des nombres. The fourth part of which contains the "Regle des premiers," or the rule of the unknown, what we would today call an algebra. He introduced an exponential notation, allowing positive, negative, and zero powers. In solving general equations he showed that some equations lead to imaginary solutions, but dismisses them ("Tel nombre est ineperible").

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This article will tell you about the history of Japanese Mechanical Calculating Machines, mainly those of manual type. A time table is also provided.
Through this article you will have the opportunity to see a typical example of the industrial life cycle including:
Beginning stage: An innovative engineer invents a new technology which starts a new industry.
Growing stage: Many companies get into the new industry under a patent license or after the patent expires. The market is expanded.
Saturation stage: The market becomes saturated, many companies disappear after being merged by larger companies or fail due to the hard competition. A few big companies control the market.
New beginning stage: An innovative engineer invents a new technology.
This life cycle is repeated in many type of industries. You can learn where is your business now within such cycle.

Historia Mathematica is the official journal of the ICHM. It publishes original research on the history of the mathematical sciences in all periods and cultures.
The goal of all activities of the ICHM is to promote history of mathematics as a scientific discipline. As a consequence:
the ICHM organizes scientific symposia, especially on the occasion of the International Congresses of the History of Science;
it publishes a World Directory of the historians of mathematics. A new edition is in press;
it awards the Kenneth O. May Medal to historians of mathematics for outstanding contributions to the history of mathematics, and that on the occasion of the International Congresses of the History of Science;
it is establishing a photo archive which will comprehend photographs of mathematicians to complement the collection already housed at the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut in Oberwolfach, Germany;
an ICHM Dictionary on History of Mathematics edited by John Fauvel, England, continues to progress.

PDF Biography of Andrei Weil

PDF Biography of Albert Leon Whiteman

The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) established the Ernmy Noether Lectures to honor women who have made fundamental and sustained contributions to the mathematical sciences. These one-hour expository lectures are presented at the Joint Mathematics Meetings each January. Emmy Noether was one of the great mathematicians of her time, someone who worked and struggled for what she loved and believed in. Her life and work remain a tremendous inspiration.

Each biographical study here consists of a brief summary of the person's life and work, including, as may be appropriate and available, a photographic or other image, list of publications, and links. In the case of the New Harmony naturalists, there are quite a number of onsite links to species named by them or named in their honor. Many professional photographers have kindly given permission for the use of their work in these links.

Branch Foundations
Each branch or field of mathematics may have its own foundational elements, special to the field. These may be the fundamental concepts investigated in the field, fundamental results on which most other results are based, or pervasive methods.

Erdös numbers have been a part of the folklore of mathematicians throughout the world for many years. For an introduction to our project, a description of what Erdös numbers are, what they can be used for, who cares, and so on, choose the “What’s It All About?” link below. To find out who Paul Erdös is, look at this biography at the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, or choose the “Information about Paul Erdös” link below.